apoptosis
A morphologically characterized process of programmed cell death, initiated by various physiological or pathological causes (e.g. cell turnover, hormone-induced atrophy, cell-mediated immune cytolysis, tumour regression), that is characterized by shrinkage of the nucleus and cytoplasm, cell fragmentation and phagocytosis. apoptosis is contrasted with necrosis, which is a random pathological process initiated by irreversible cell damage. apoptosis is controlled by extracellular signals or the removal of extracellular suppressors of cell death. (see also death gene)Raff, M.C. (1992) Nature (London) 356, 397-400; Martin, S.J., Green, D.R. and Cotter, T.G. (1994) Trends Biochem. Sci. 19, 26-31; Ffrench-Constant, C. (1992) Curr. Biol. 2, 577-579; Kroemer, G., Petit, P., Zamzami, N., et al. (1995) FASEB J. 9, 1277-1287
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