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cellular immune response

Cellular immune responses are partly mediated by cytotoxic T cells, which target abnormal (e.g., tumor cells) and virus-infected cells for elimination. The binding of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) to antigens presented on the surface of abnormal or virus-infected cells leads to the release of preformed cytotoxic substances (i.e., perforin and granzymes) and consequent target-cell killing. Additionally, CD4+ T helper cell subsets (e.g., Th1) contribute to cellular immune responses by releasing cytokines, such as interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-beta. Th1 cells activate macrophages and dendritic cells to eliminate intracellular invading microbes, such as bacteria and viruses. Lastly, Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that can enact cell-mediated cytotoxicity of virus-infected and tumor cells and modulate the function of other immune cells through the release of several cytokines and chemokines.

Cancer immunotherapy strategies take advantage of the role of T cells in cell-mediated immunity to target tumor cells for destruction. Engineering T cells to re-write their receptor specificity (i.e., T cell receptor, TCR) or by inducing the expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) allows targeting tumor-specific antigens and has proved an efficacious therapeutic strategy for hematological malignancies.

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