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at Related Biological Terms:

alpha (α)-configuration

In steroid chemistry, the orientation of substituents below the plane of the ring system, i.e. on the side opposite the angular methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, which have the β-configuration. Adjacent steroid rings may be trans-fused (the non-ring substituents are on opposite sides of the plane of the molecule) or cis-fused (the substituents are on the same side). Related tool: peptide calculator

alternative splicing

The production of more than one mRNA from a single pre-mRNA due to differences in the excision of introns and/or the use of stop codons. Black, D.L. (2000) Cell 103, 367-370

amber mutation

A nonsense mutation; the formation of a non-functional protein due to the premature appearance in mRNA of the terminator codon UAG. (see also ocher mutation; opal mutation)

amphibolic pathway

A metabolic pathway that participates in both anabolic and catabolic pathways, e.g. the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

amphipathic

Having both polar and non-polar groups, e.g. a detergent.

amphipathic helix

A protein structure that serves in part as an interface between polar and non-polar phases; an a-helix that displays non-polar residues on one side and polar residues on the other (e.g. in many globular proteins).

amplification of refractory mutation system

(see PCR amplification of specific alleles)

analytical ultracentrifugation

A technique of very-high-speed centrifugation that sediments soluble macromolecules and characterizes them according to their rate of sedimentation (sedimentation-velocity ultracentrifugation) or the extent of their sedimentation (equilibrium sedimentation ultracentrifugation). (see also density-gradient centrifugation)

anaplerotic pathway

Metabolic reactions that replenish the pools of intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These pools may become depleted, as they also serve as precursors for amino acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis and other anabolic reactions.

annealing (hybridization)

The time- and temperature-dependent process by which two complementary single-stranded polynucleotides associate to form a double helix.

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