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Nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within the nucleus of cells that play a fundamental role in gene regulation and the control of various physiological processes. They are a type of intracellular receptor that directly influences gene expression in response to specific signaling molecules or ligands, which can be hormones, vitamins, or other small molecules. Key features of nuclear receptors include: 1. Intranuclear Localization: Unlike cell surface receptors, which are located on the cell membrane, nuclear receptors reside within the cell's nucleus. This positioning allows them to directly interact with DNA. 2. Transcriptional Regulation: Nuclear receptors primarily act as transcription factors, which means they control the transcription of specific genes into messenger RNA (mRNA). This regulation can either activate or repress gene expression. 3. Ligand-Dependent Activation: Nuclear receptors are typically inactive until they bind to their specific ligands. Ligand binding induces a conformational change in the receptor, allowing it to interact with coactivators or corepressors and modulate gene expression. 4. Specificity: Each nuclear receptor is highly specific for its ligand(s). For example, the estrogen receptor binds to estrogen, the thyroid hormone receptor binds to thyroid hormones, and the retinoic acid receptor binds to retinoic acid. 5. Diverse Functions: Nuclear receptors are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including metabolism, immune response, development, and reproduction. They regulate genes related to these processes, influencing cellular responses accordingly. Some well-known examples of nuclear receptors include: • Estrogen Receptor: Regulates gene expression in response to estrogen and is involved in processes like female reproductive development, bone health, and breast cancer. • Androgen Receptor: Binds to androgens (such as testosterone) and plays a central role in male sexual development and reproductive function. • Thyroid Hormone Receptor: Responds to thyroid hormones and controls metabolism, growth, and development. • Retinoic Acid Receptor: Binds to retinoic acid (a form of vitamin A) and is important for processes like embryonic development and skin health. • Glucocorticoid Receptor: Responds to glucocorticoid hormones (e.g., cortisol) and is involved in immune regulation and the stress response. • Vitamin D Receptor: Binds to vitamin D and regulates calcium absorption and bone metabolism. Dysregulation of nuclear receptors can lead to a variety of diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer, and autoimmune conditions. As a result, nuclear receptors are important targets for drug development, and many medications target these receptors to modulate specific biological processes and treat various medical conditions. Related publications citing GenScript: https://www.genscript.com/reference_peer-reviewed_literature_26855.html
GenSmart Optimization is a free online tool for performing codon optimization to improve gene expression. GenScript's patented algorithms are integrated into the tool to optimize the computing capability of high-performance sequence generation.
GenSmart™ Design is a free online DNA construct design tool developed by GenScript. GenSmart™ Design has two design modules, the Create Construct module for individual plasmid design and the Create Library module for DNA library design.
This online tool shows commonly used genetic codon frequency table in expression host organisms including Escherichia coli and other common host organisms.
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If you know of any terms that have been omitted from this glossary that you feel would be useful to include, please send detail to the Editorial Office at GenScript: [email protected]