Cytokines are immunoactive proteins that act as humoral regulators
modulating functional activities of individual cells and tissues at
nanomolar to picomolar concentrations under normal or pathological
conditions. The cytokine family consists mainly of small,
water-soluble proteins and glycoproteins with a molecular mass
between 8 and 30 kDa. These proteins are secreted by immune cells
and include interleukins, interferons and certain growth factors.
GenScript offers a comprehensive catalog of recombinant cytokines
with excellent lot-to-lot consistency, superior activity and
significantly low endotoxin levels. Our goal is to provide
scientists quick and easy access to research tools that advance
innovation and discovery.
GenScript's quality system is registered to the ISO 13485:2016
standard for the design, development, manufacture and
distribution of the proteins used for in-vitro diagnostic
medical devices to detect infection and markers related to
inflammatory diseases, tumors, cardiac disease, and reproductive
disorders. With this certificate, GenScript is qualified to
provide raw materials or products to customers who manufacture
and sell immunodiagnostic medical devices. Our consistent and
reliable proteins facilitate the development and approval
process of customer's products.
GenScript provides hundreds of high-quality recombinant cytokines
covering the following subclasses. Click the subclass of your interest
and explore more.
Beta defensins are a family of genes predominantly secreted from
leukocytes and epithelial tissues. β-Defensins are small
proteins (15–20 residues) that function in antimicrobial defense
by penetrating a microbe’s cell membrane and cause microbial
death in a manner similar to that of antibiotics
[1][2].
Reference: 1.Lee, Charles, et al. "Copy Number Variation and Human
Health." Essentials of Genomic and Personalized Medicine.
Academic Press, 2010. 46-59. 2.Álvarez, Ángel H., Moisés
Martínez Velázquez, and Ernesto Prado Montes de Oca. "Human
β-defensin 1 update: potential clinical applications of the
restless warrior." The International Journal of Biochemistry &
Cell Biology 104 (2018): 133-137.
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are potent growth factors
belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor Beta superfamily. To
date over 20 members have been identified in humans with varying
functions during processes such as embryogenesis, skeletal
formation, hematopoiesis and neurogenesis [1].
Recombinant BMPs, including BMP-2 and BMP-7 approved for use as
drugs for clinical use [2].
Reference: 1.Bragdon, Beth, et al. "Bone morphogenetic proteins: a
critical review." Cellular signalling
23.4 (2011): 609-620.
2.Even, Jesse, Mark Eskander, and James Kang. "Bone
morphogenetic protein in spine surgery: current and future
uses." JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic
Surgeons 20.9 (2012): 547-552.
Chemokines are small proteins best known for their role in
controlling the migration of diverse cells, particularly
leukocytes. Upon binding to their G-protein-coupled receptors on
the leukocytes, chemokines stimulate the signaling events that
cause cytoskeletal rearrangements involved in cell movement, and
migration of the cells along chemokine gradients. Depending on
the cell type, chemokines also induce many other types of
cellular responses including those related to defense
mechanisms, cell proliferation, survival, and development
[1][2].
Reference: 1.Wang, Xu, et al. "Chemokine oligomerization in cell
signaling and migration." Progress in molecular biology and
translational science 117 (2013): 531-578. 2.Vilgelm, Anna
E., and Ann Richmond. "Chemokines modulate immune surveillance
in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and response to
immunotherapy." Frontiers in immunology 10 (2019): 333.
The EPO/TPO family contains two members, erythropoietin (EPO)
and thrombopoietin (TPO), that are structurally similar
cytokines. EPO and TPO are essential for the proliferation and
differentiation for erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages and
might be involved in homing/migration to the bone marrow
microenvironment by hematopoietic cells that express
corresponding receptors [1]. Recombinant EPO has been approved
for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal
failure as well as for anemia of AZT-treated AIDS patients
[2].
Reference: 1.Gotoh, A., et al. "Thrombopoietin and erythropoietin
activate inside-out signaling of integrin and enhance adhesion
to immobilized fibronectin in human growth-factor-dependent
hematopoietic cells." Annals of hematology 75.5 (1997):
207-213. 2.Liu, Song, et al. "Efficacy of erythropoietin
combined with enteral nutrition for the treatment of anemia in
Crohn's disease: a prospective cohort study." Nutrition in
Clinical Practice 28.1 (2013): 120-127.
The Hedgehog signaling pathway, playing a critical role in
establishing the basis of the fly body plan and later stages of
embryogenesis and metamorphosis, was first identified in fruit
flies of the genus Drosophila [1]. There are three Hedgehog
homologues, Desert Hedgehog (DHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH), and
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) that are involved in vertebrate embryonic
development and have been implicated in the development of some
cancers[2].
Reference: 1.Bürglin, Thomas R. "The Hedgehog protein family." Genome
biology 9.11 (2008): 1-9. 2.Jamieson, Catriona, et al.
"Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors: A New Therapeutic Class for the
Treatment of Acute Myeloid LeukemiaHedgehog Pathway Inhibitors
for Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Blood Cancer Discovery 1.2 (2020):
134-145.
Interferons (IFNs) is one of the most important subclasses
of cytokines, which play an essential role in communication
between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune
system that help eradicate pathogens [1]. Though IFNs are best
known for their antiviral properties, they are also potent
regulators of cell growth and have immunomodulatory activity
[2][3]. And they are important regulators of innate and adaptive
immune responses.
Reference: 1.Parkin, Jacqueline, and Bryony Cohen. "An overview of
the immune system." The Lancet 357.9270 (2001): 1777-1789.
2.Grandér, Dan, Olle Sangfelt, and Sven Erickson. "How
does interferon exert its cell growth inhibitory effect?."
European journal of haematology 59.3 (1997): 129-135.
3.Biron, Christine A. "Interferons α and β as immune
regulators—a new look." Immunity 14.6 (2001): 661-664.
Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine that are mainly
expressed by white blood cells. There are more than 50
interleukins encoded by the human genome [1]. Interleukins
consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many
reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity
receptors on cell surfaces and they are essential for
transmitting information, activating and regulating immune
cells, and promoting the development and differentiation of T
and B lymphocytes and hematopoietic cells [1][2].
Reference: 1.Dinarello, Charles A. "Interleukin-1." Reviews of
infectious diseases 6.1 (1984): 51-95. 2.Brocker, Chad, et
al. "Evolutionary divergence and functions of the human
interleukin (IL) gene family." Human genomics 5.1 (2010): 1-26.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily contains 19 members that
bind to 29 members of TNF Receptor superfamily [1]. It is a
protein family that contains the TNF homology domain and forms
trimers. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily pathways, while
reregulating normal functions such as immune responses,
haematopoiesis and morphogenesis, have also been implicated in
tumorigenesis, transplant rejection, septic shock, viral
replication, bone resorption, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes,
etc[2].
Reference: 1.Aggarwal, Bharat B., Subash C. Gupta, and Ji Hye Kim.
"Historical perspectives on tumor necrosis factor and its
superfamily: 25 years later, a golden journey." Blood, The
Journal of the American Society of Hematology 119.3 (2012):
651-665. 2.Aggarwal, Bharat B. "Signalling pathways of the
TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword." Nature reviews
immunology 3.9 (2003): 745-756.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily contains the
proteins that are able to bind the members from TNF family via
an extracellular cysteine-rich domain [1], which plays a
critical role in signaling pathways for cell proliferation,
survival, and differentiation. Thus, they have assumed prominent
roles in the generation of tissues and transient
microenvironments [2]. Due to the interaction between TNF and
TNF receptors, it has been reported that the some TNF receptors
have been targeted for therapies against widespread human
diseases such as atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, autoimmune
disorders, allograft rejection, and cancer.
Reference: 1.Locksley, Richard M., Nigel Killeen, and Michael J.
Lenardo. "The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating
mammalian biology." Cell 104.4 (2001): 487-501.
2.Ward-Kavanagh, Lindsay K., et al. "The TNF receptor
superfamily in co-stimulating and co-inhibitory
responses." Immunity 44.5 (2016): 1005-1019.
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