Growth factors are known for their ability to enhance cellular proliferation, growth and differentiation by regulating tissue morphogenesis, angiogenesis and neurite outgrowth. Growth factors typically act as signaling molecules between cells which play an important role in regulating a variety of cellular processes. Their activities are mediated through binding to transmembrane receptors. The regulation of some growth factors and their receptors is also involved in tumor formation.
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GenScript provides hundreds of high-quality recombinant growth factors covering the following subclasses. Click the subclass of your interest and explore more.
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are the cytokines that play a central role in proliferation, differentiation and functional activation of hematopoietic cells of multiple lineages [1], regulating blood formation, leukocyte function and overall immune competence. There are three CSFs members - macrophage-CSF (M-CSF), granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), and granulocyte/macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF). M-CSF mainly affects the survival, growth, differentiation, and function of mononuclear phagocytes. G-CSF affects the neutrophils, while GM-CSF is less restricted and affects both macrophages and neutrophils [2].
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was first isolated from mouse submaxillary glands. And it is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor (EGFR), playing an important role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival [1]. EGFs is found to be expressed in various organs and biological fluids, including platelets, urine, saliva, milk, tears, and blood plasma [2].
Herbst, Roy S. "Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics 59.2 (2004): S21-S26.
Hoda, Syed A., and Rana S. Hoda. "Robbins and cotran pathologic basis of disease." (2005): 103.
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) family consists of 22 members that are mainly expressed by macrophages. This family regulates a wide range of cellular functions, including migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. FGFs interact with fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) to inactivate related signaling pathways, playing essential roles in development, metabolism, and tissue homeostasis [1][2].
Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT-3L) is a kind of cytokine that plays a critical role in regulating differentiation, proliferation and survival of hematopoietic progenitor cells and dendritic cells by activating Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt-3) [1].
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiological environment. This complex system (often referred to as the IGF "axis") consists of two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two ligands (IGF-1 and IGF-2), a family of seven high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP1 to IGFBP7), as well as associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, referred to collectively as proteases [1][2].
Talia, Chiara, Lisa Connolly, and Paul A. Fowler. "The insulin-like growth factor system: A target for endocrine disruptors?." Environment international 147 (2021): 106311.
Jones, John I., and David R. Clemmons. "Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions." Endocrine reviews 16.1 (1995): 3-34.
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) promote cell proliferation, survival, and migration of cells primarily of mesenchymal origin[1].
Dysfunction of PDGF signaling has been observed in a wide array of pathological conditions, such as cancer, fibrosis, neurological conditions and atherosclerosis.
Reported abnormalities of the PDGF pathway include overexpression or amplification of PDGF receptors (PDGFRs), gain of function point mutations,
or activating chromosomal translocations. PDGFRs and their ligands have been found to be overexpressed or mis-regulated in many cancers,
correlating with reduced overall survival [2].
Stem cell factor is a growth factor that is expressed by fibroblasts and endothelial cells throughout the body.
It interacts with the c-KIT receptor and plays an essential role in regulating cell survival and proliferation,
hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, melanogenesis, mast cell development, migration, and function.[1][2]
Baba, Hidehiko , H. Uchiwa , and S. Watanabe .
"UVB Irradiation Increases the Release of SCF from Human Epidermal Cells." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 124.5(2005):1075-1077.
Lennartsson, J. , and L. Ronnstrand . "Stem Cell Factor Receptor/c-Kit: From Basic Science to Clinical Implications." Physiological Reviews 92.4(2012):1619-1649.
Transforming growth factors (TGFs) are peptides that affect the growth and phenotype of cultured cells and bring about in nonmalignant
fibroblastic cells phenotypic properties that resemble those of malignant cells [1]. Type alpha TGFs are usually mitogenic for fibroblasts,
whereas type beta TGFs have bifunctional effects on cell growth and can either stimulate or inhibit growth of the same cells, depending on conditions.
The interactions of type alpha and beta TGFs can be either synergistic or antagonistic. Though the development of peptide antagonists to
type alpha TGFs can potentially have therapeutic potential for the treatment of malignancy, type beta TGFs can potentially inhibit tumorigenesis [2].
Keski‐Oja, Jorma, et al. "Transforming growth factors and control of neoplastic cell growth."
Journal of cellular biochemistry 33.2 (1987): 95-107.Papadopoulos, Natalia, and Johan Lennartsson. "The PDGF/PDGFR pathway as a drug target."
Molecular aspects of medicine 62 (2018): 75-88.
Roberts, A. B., and M. B. Sporn. "Transforming growth factors." Cancer surveys 4.4 (1985): 683-705.
The Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family consists of 5 members in the mammalian genome - VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC,
VEGFD and placenta growth factor (PGF). VEGFA is the first identified VEGF member and has been studied most.
VEGFs can affect the blood supply, thereby suppressing the size of solid cancers. Conversely, cancer cells that express VEGF are able to grow and metastasize.
Overexpression of VEGF can lead to vascular disease in the retina of the eye and other parts of the body,
but drugs such as bevacizumab and pegatanide can inhibit VEGF and control or slow the progression of these diseases [1][2].
Keifer, Orion P., Deirdre M. O'Connor, and Nicholas M. Boulis. "Gene and Protein Therapies Utilizing VEGF for ALS." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 141.3 (2014): 261-71.
Simon, Thomas, Teresa Gagliano, and Georgios Giamas. "Direct Effects of Anti-Angiogenic Therapies On Tumor Cells: VEGF Signaling." Trends in Molecular Medicine 23.3 (2017): 282-92.
