Camel-Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mitigate High-Fat-DietInduced Obesity by Enhancing Thermogenesis and Modulating Lipid Metabolism in Mice

Obesity is a significant global health concern linked to chronic diseases, with the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) being crucial for obesity treatment. This study investigates the potential of camel-milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) in mitigating high-fat-diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction in mice. Our results show that oral administration of mEVs significantly reduces body fat percentage and lipid accumulation while lowering serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, mEVs enhance thermogenic capacity during cold exposure, indicated by increased oxygen consumption and heat production. RNA sequencing of BAT reveals that mEVs upregulate thermogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation-related genes. Additionally, mEVs positively modulate the gut microbiota by promoting beneficial taxa and partially restoring short-chain fatty acid production. Consequently, these results suggest mEVs enhance BAT thermogenesis and improve metabolic health, offering a potential therapeutic strategy for obesity and related disorders.