Overview

The properties of amino acids are determined by the functional substituents linked on the side chains, which are most commonly referred to as R groups. In the amino acid chart listed here, we describe the 20 standard residues found in nature, along with the universal genetic codes.

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Aliphatic Amino Acids with Hydrophobic Side Chain

Name 3-Letter Symbol 1-Letter Symbol Formula Molecular Weight Isoelectric Point Structure
Alanine ALA A C3H7N1O2 89.09 6.00 Alanine
Isoleucine ILE I C6H13N1O2 131.17 5.94 Isoleucine
Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 131.17 5.98 Leucine
Valine VAL V C5H11N1O2 117.15 5.96 Valine

Aromatic Amino Acids with Hydrophobic Side Chain

Name 3-Letter Symbol 1-Letter Symbol Formula Molecular Weight Isoelectric Point Structure
Phenylalanine PHE F C9H11N1O2 165.19 5.48 Phenylalanine
Tryptophan TRP W C11H12N2O2 204.23 5.89 Tryptophan
Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 181.19 5.66 Tyrosine

Amino Acids with Neutral Side Chain

Name 3-Letter Symbol 1-Letter Symbol Formula Molecular Weight Isoelectric Point Structure
Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 132.12 5.41 Asparagine
Cysteine CYS C C3H7N1O2S1 121.16 5.02 Cysteine
Glutamine GLN Q C5H10N2O3 146.15 5.65 Glutamine
Methionine MET M C5H11N1O2S1 149.21 5.74 Methionine
Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 105.09 5.68 Serine
Threonine THR T C4H9N1O3 119.12 5.64 Threonine

Amino Acids with Positive Charged Side Chain

Name 3-Letter Symbol 1-Letter Symbol Formula Molecular Weight Isoelectric Point Structure
Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 174.2 11.15 Arginine
Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 155.16 7.47 Histidine
Lysine LYS K C6H14N2O2 146.19 9.59 Lysine

Amino Acids with Negative Charged Side Chain

Name 3-Letter Symbol 1-Letter Symbol Formula Molecular Weight Isoelectric Point Structure
Aspartic Acid ASP D C4H7N1O4 133.1 2.77 Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid GLU E C5H9N1O4 147.13 3.22 Glutamic Acid

Unique Amino Acids

Name 3-Letter Symbol 1-Letter Symbol Formula Molecular Weight Isoelectric Point Structure
Glycine GLY G C2H5N1O2 75.07 5.97 Glycine
Proline PRO P C5H9N1O2 115.13 6.30 Proline

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