a Related Biological Terms

In immunology, the neutralization of immune serum by some of the antigens against which it has been raised. Serum raised against a hapten attached to a larger protein may be exposed to the carrier protein alone in order to absorb the antibodies directed towards epitopes of the protein, leaving the serum with un-neutralized antibodies directed only towards the hapten. Learn more about IgM antibody.

The molar absorption (extinction) coefficient as a function of wavelength, usually displayed with absorbance on the ordinate and wavelength on the abscissa.

An abzyme, short for "antibody enzyme," is a type of antibody that exhibits enzymatic activity. Unlike traditional antibodies, which primarily function as immune system proteins that bind to specific antigens, abzymes have the unique ability to catalyze chemical reactions similar to enzymes. Abzymes are typically produced by the immune system in response to certain diseases or conditions, such as autoimmune disorders or viral infections. They can also be produced in the laboratory through genetic engineering techniques. Abzymes have potential applications in various fields, including medicine and biotechnology. For example, they can be used as therapeutic agents for diseases that involve abnormal protein accumulation, such as Alzheimer's disease. They can also be used in biocatalysis for the production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. In summary, Abzyme is a term used to describe an antibody that has enzymatic activity. They are produced by the immune system or through genetic engineering techniques and have potential applications in medicine and biotechnology.

(= facilitated diffusion)

In enzyme mechanisms, a functional group of an enzyme that transiently receives a moiety of a substrate, the donor, before itself becoming a donor in transferring it to a second substrate, which is also an 'acceptor'. More generally in immunology, pharmacology and cell biology, an acceptor is an entity that receives an atom, ligand or structure from a 'donor'. (see also class II receptor) Learn more about restriction enzymes.

A site in pre-mRNA that corresponds to the 3'-end of the intron and the 5'-end of the next exon. The last two bases of the intron at the acceptor splice site are AG in most cases, but AC in some instances.Mount, S.M. (1996) Science 271, 1690-1692 Learn more about sgRNA.

(see cloverleaf)

(see hemiacetal)

The observation, first based on inspection of structures, later on experimentation, that many natural products appear to have been assembled from multiple acetate (acetyl-CoA and/or malonyl-CoA) units in head-to-tail condensations. (see also acetogenin; polyketide; propionate rule)

A compound derived from acetyl units donated by acetyl- and/or malonyl-CoA units, assembled into a non-reduced polyketide, i.e. with the carbonyl groups intact, often, then, cross-linked by aldol condensation and processed by further biochemical transformations to the final product, e.g. orsellinic acid, griseofulvin. (see also acetate rule; depside; polyketide)Katz, L. and Donadio, S. (1993) Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 47, 875-912