Synergistic effect of high‐mobility group box‐1 and lipopolysaccharide on cytokine induction in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is one of the potent endogenous adjuvants released by necrotic and activated innate immune cells. HMGB1 modulates innate and adaptive immune responses in humans and mice by mediating immune cells crosstalk. However, the immuno-modulatory effects of HMGB1 in the bovine immune system are not clearly known. In this study, the effect of bovine HMGB1 alone or in combination with LPS on the expression kinetics of cytokines upon in vitro stimulation of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated by quantitative PCR assay. The biological activity of bovine HMGB1 expressed in this prokaryotic expression system was confirmed by its ability to induce nitric oxide secretion in RAW 264.7 cells. The present results indicate that HMGB1 induces a more delayed TNF-α response than does LPS in stimulated PBMCs. However, IFN-γ, IFN-β and IL-12 mRNA transcription peaked at 6 hr post stimulation after both treatments. Further, HMGB1 and LPS heterocomplex up-regulated TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12 mRNA expression significantly than did individual TLR4 agonists. The heterocomplex also enhanced the expression of TLR4 on bovine PBMCs. In conclusion, the data indicate that HMGB1 and LPS act synergistically and enhance proinflammatory cytokines, thereby eliciting Th1 responses in bovine PBMCs. These results suggest that HMGB1 can act as an adjuvant in modulating the bovine immune system and thus lays a foundation for using HMGB1 as an adjuvant in various bovine vaccine preparations.