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Soluble antigen

Antigens are substances that elicit an immune response in the body. Soluble antigens can dissolve in a solution such as blood or lymph, circulating throughout the body and interacting with immune cells.

Soluble antigens can be either self-antigens, normally present in the body and do not usually trigger an immune response, or foreign antigens, which come from outside the body and are recognized as "non-self" by the immune system.

When a foreign soluble antigen enters the body, it is taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, macrophages, or B cells. These APCs then process the antigen into smaller fragments and present them on their cell surface in complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.

T cells, a type of immune cell, can recognize the antigen-MHC complex and become activated. This triggers an immune response that can include the production of antibodies by B cells, the activation of other immune cells, and the destruction of cells infected with or harboring the antigen.

Soluble antigens can be used in research, diagnostics, and therapy. For example, a soluble antigen may be used to stimulate an immune response in an experimental animal to study the immune response to a particular pathogen. In diagnostic tests, soluble antigens may be used to detect the presence of specific antibodies in a patient's blood, indicating that the patient has been exposed to a particular pathogen.

Soluble antigens may also be used therapeutically to treat diseases such as cancer or autoimmune disorders. For example, a soluble antigen may induce tolerance to a self-antigen-causing autoimmune disease or stimulate an immune response against cancer cells that express specific antigens.

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