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cyclic nucleotide

A cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate groups.

Cyclic nucleotides are crucial second-messenger molecules in signal transduction. They can also be defined as internal nucleoside phosphodiester, usually a 2',3'-diester or a 3',5'-diester.

Cyclic nucleotide-regulated cation channels comprise two main subfamilies, the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels and the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. CNG channels play a crucial role in the sensory transduction of photoreceptors and olfactory receptor neurons.

Cyclic nucleotides exert their physiological effects by binding to four major classes of cellular receptors: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)- and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinases, cyclic GMP-regulated phosphodiesterases, cAMP-binding guanine nucleotide exchange factors, and cyclic nucleotide-regulated cation channels. Cyclic nucleotide-regulated cation channels are unique among these receptors because their activation is directly coupled to the influx of extracellular cations into the cytoplasm and to the depolarization of the plasma membrane.

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